Microscope Kinds

MICROSCOPES

Bright field microscopy is the simplest optical microscopy illumination  (i.e., illuminated from below and observed from above) using white light; the typical appearance is a dark sample on a bright background.(RP=200nm or 0.2 um)

Dark field microscopy (dark ground microscopy)  the specimen appears bright against a dark background

Phase contrast microscopy converts phase shifts in light passing through a transparent specimen to brightness changes in the image. Phase shifts themselves are invisible, but become visible when shown as brightness variations.

Fluorescence microscope uses fluorescence and phosphorescence in addition to, reflection and absorption to study properties of organic or inorganic substances as well as microorganisms .(RP=100nm or 0.1 um)

UV microscope uses UV radiation and is designed to image in regions beyond the visible range; twice the magnifying power of light microscope. .(RP=100nm or 0.1 um)

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces (surface) images of a sample by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons. SEM can achieve resolution better than 1 nanometer. Specimens can be observed onto an imaging device. 

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique whereby a beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons transmitted through the specimen; the image is magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, on a layer of photographic film, or to be detected by a sensor such as a CCD camera.

(RP= 0.2nm)

Chain of Infection: What can be done?

HS 3 Course Syllabus (Micro & Para for Nurses)

      Republic of the Philippines 

      MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY 

      Marawi City

      BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

      College of Natural Sciences & Mathematics

      COURSE SYLLABUS

      1st semester, A.Y. 2013-14

Course Number:  Health Science (HS) 3

Course Title:  Microbiology and Parasitology for Nurses

Course Description:  This course is designed to assist students in the study of important microorganisms and parasites. It explains the physiology and pathogenic properties of bacteria, fungi and viruses as an introduction to disease causation, their biology, the infections they cause, host response to these infections and their mode of transmission, prevention, treatment and nursing responsibilities.

                The laboratory experiences provide specimen collection, handling and processing of  specimens for isolation and identification of microorganisms and parasites involved in the infectious            processes.

Credit: 3 units lecture, 1unit laboratory

Hours/semester: 54 lecture hours, 54 laboratory hours

Prerequisite: General Chemistry, Anatomy & Physiology

Placement: 2^nd year, 1^st semester

Requirements: pass (60%) lab & lec exams & quizzes,

             assignments, oral & written reports, attendance

Terminal Competencies:

                At the end of the course and given simulated/ actual situations/conditions, the student will be able to:

1. Apply the concepts and principles of microbiology and parasitology in the care of clients across the life span.
2. Utilize principles and techniques in the collection,handling of specimens and identification of microorganisms and parasites involved in the infectious processes.
3. Describe the measures to prevent spread of infectious diseases
4. Describe the measures to control infection.
5. Understand the management of communicable diseases.

Course Outline:                                                

1. Scope of Microbiology                   3 hours

1. Development and History of Microbiology

                2. Significance of Microbiology

                3. Practical Applications of Microbiology       

               4. Organisms that make up the microbial world

2. Microorganisms                                                12 hours               

1. General Morphology of Microorganism

     a. Acellular Micro-organisms (prions, viroids,

         viruses)

     b. Cellular Micro-organisms

          i. Bacteria (archaebacteria, eubacteria)

          ii. Protozoa (amoebas, ciliates, flagellates,

              sporozoans)

         iii. Fungi (yeasts, molds)

         iv. Helminths (roundworms, tapeworms,

             hookworms, pinworms, flukes, etc)

         v. Arthropods (insects)

2. Basic Laboratory Equipment and Procedures

    in the Study of Bacteria

    a. Microscopy & Staining Procedures

    b. Culture Media & Growth Requirements

3. Normal Human Microbial Flora   

    a. Symbiosis

    b. Opportunistic Microorganisms

4. Seven Capabilities of  Pathogens              

          ***Prelim Exam***

3. Infection and Host Resistance

1. The Chain of Infection

2. Host response to infection

                    a. Non-specific host resistance

                    b. Specific host resistance

    c. Vaccines in the elimination of disease

                3. Nosocomial Infections

IV. Microbial Control

1.       Medical Asepsis

1. Physical Method

                         b.  Chemical Method

2. Surgical Asepsis

3. Standard Precautions

4. Transmission-based Precautions

        ***Midterm***

V. National Tuberculosis Program -Directly Observed

    Treatment Short-course (NTP DOTS)

                1. Transmission and Pathogenesis of  PTB

                2. Tuberculosis Outcomes

                    a. Role of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)

                    b. Role of Nurses in the Prevention of TB

VII. Communicable Diseases Involving Different    

      Organ Systems

                1. Skin and Eye

                2. Nervous System

                3. Cardiovascular System

                4. Respiratory System

                5. Digestive System

                6. Urinary and Reproductive System

VIII. Protozoan and Helminth Diseases of Man

                   ***Final Exam***

Laboratory Exercises:

1. Microscopy

2. Sterilization & Aseptic Techniques

3. Microorganisms in the Environment

6. Microscopic Examination of Living Micro-organisms

7. Simple Staining

8. Gram Staining

9. Antibiotic Sensitivity

10. Microscopic Examination of Parasites

      ***Lab Exam***

References:

* Burton (2007). Microbiology for the Health Sciences

* Ingraham (2007). Introduction to Microbiology

* Nester  (2007). Microbiology: A Human Perspective

* Pelczar (1987). Microbiology

* Volk & Wheeler (1988)  Basic Microbiology

* Lecture Hand-outs

*http://www.microparahs3.blogspot.com/

*http://www.microbiobevsnotes.blogspot.com/

Prepared by: 

Beverly  B. Amparado, Ph.D., R.N.